| Categories | Satirical news magazine |
|---|---|
| First issue | 1984 (as a weekly supplement in Nedjeljna Dalmacija) June 1993 (as an independent weekly magazine) |
| Final issue | 19 June 2008 |
| Country | Croatia |
| Based in | Split |
| Language | Croatian |
| Website | feral.hr |
| ISSN | 1333-9109 |
Feral Tribune was a Croatian political weekly magazine. Based in Split, it first started as a political satire supplement in Nedjeljna Dalmacija (the Sunday edition of the Slobodna Dalmacija daily newspaper) before evolving into an independent satirical weekly paper in 1993. In the 2000s it turned into into a popular political weekly before it finally ceased publication in June 2008.
The magazine, whose name was a play on Herald Tribune (see below), and which billed itself as a "weekly magazine for Croatian anarchists, protesters and heretics",[1] commonly included a provocative satirical photomontage on the cover page, a short news section (titled "Informbiro"), editorials, interviews, a satirical section (titled "Feral Tromblon"), and sections on music, books and the Internet.
Another popular section, titled "Greatest Shits", included a collection of ludicrous statements made in the Croatian media by politicians and other public figures in the previous week. The magazine typically had between 50 and 100 pages in total. It was originally printed in black and white, later changed to full color glossy paper, but then reverted to black and white. In 1994 Feral Tribune also launched a book publishing department which published a series of works by renowned contemporary authors and intellectuals from ex-Yugoslav countries, such as Arsen Dedić, Slavenka Drakulić, Milan Kangrga, Mirko Kovač, Izet Sarajlić and Nenad Veličković, foreign writers such as Isaiah Berlin, Norberto Bobbio, Leonard Cohen and George Soros, as well as works by their in-house columnists such as Boris Dežulović and Viktor Ivančić.[2]
Although the magazine was hugely popular in the 1990s and had received a number of international awards during the period, its circulation gradually declined in the 2000s.[3] Following a series of financial difficulties and failed takeover negotiations with Europapress Holding, the magazine was forced to cease publication in 2008 and published its final issue on 19 June 2008. In March 2010 a digital archive of all articles ever published in Feral Tribune was published in the form of a four-disc DVD set.[1]
Contents |
Feral Tribune's name is likely a play on Herald Tribune. "Feral", in Dalmatian dialect, represents a petroleum or gas lamp, typically used on night fishing excursions. Dalmatian culture has a very intimate connection to the sea, and the term Feral is often used as the name of local sport clubs, performing groups etc... While the term "feral" typically refers to qualities associated with a wild or undomesticated animal in English, it is unlikely that the Croatian-speaking editors chose the title Feral for its meaning in English. On the other hand, it is quite possible that the editorial office enjoyed the double entendre that it elicited among foreign observers, giving the newspaper title an aura of its editorial independence and unwillingness to be tamed by political pressure.
The paper was founded in 1984 by a trio of young journalists Viktor Ivančić, Predrag Lucić, and Boris Dežulović. The trio named itself by combining letters in their names to form "VIVA LUDEŽ", meaning "long live madness". Their works appeared in weekly humour supplement of Split daily newspaper Slobodna Dalmacija, as well as weekly newspaper Nedjeljna Dalmacija. Some of its saucier articles brought public condemnation from local Party officials, as well as criminal proceedings which ended with the arrival of democracy. Some of VIVA LUDEŽ members were also active in Omladinska Iskra, Split magazine published by local organisation of Socialist Youth League.
Feral received little attention until Yugoslavia broke apart in the early 1990s. Due to the change in the political system, there was nationwide confusion on many issues at the time. "Financial engineering", corruption, and the renewed independence resulted in changes in the government, a burst of patriotism, nationalism, and xenophobia. As a political satire paper, the Feral Tribune was provided significant material from the warmongering and profiteering associated with the era.
As the political situation got more and more serious and the country was at the threat of occupation, the contents of Feral Tribune steered away from pure satire and the editors began criticizing dominant political figures. The government took over Slobodna Dalmacija in early 1993. A few months later, the Feral Tribune was introduced as an independent paper.
Feral was among the first Croatian newspapers to openly report on various topics that the state-controlled newspapers would not report on including war crimes perpetrated by Croatian soldiers, the Croatian army's involvement in the war in Bosnia, Franjo Tuđman's opinions of the Ustaše in the context of generic Croatian nationalism, the Herzegovina profiteer lobby, connections between the government and the Catholic Church, etc.
An important moment in the history of the magazine involved a cover page featuring digitally altered images of Tuđman and Milošević as homosexual lovers as an attack on policies leading to division of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
In 1994, a 50% sales tax typically imposed on pornographic magazines was imposed on the Feral by the HDZ government. This tax received criticism and in 1995 the Constitutional Court (Ustavni sud) overturned that decision. In 1996, HDZ passed a law under which public criticism of the highest officials was punishable. The Feral's editors were among the first to receive lawsuits for defamation.
Despite these issues, Feral Tribune continued to survive in part because of donations from abroad.
Franjo Tuđman died in 1999 and his party was voted out of power on 2000 parliamentary elections. The magazine also encountered other problems - the loss of Tuđman, who was its most iconic target, left many of the authors without inspiration and the quality of humour decreased. Attempts to replace Tuđman's role with George W. Bush also led to the magazine embracing a stronger ideological profile and promoting radical left views which alienated some of its old readers and allowed other Croatian weeklies, most notably Globus and Nacional to rise in their relative popularity. Feral was also affected by personnel changes with the departure of one of its founders.
While the magazine's circulation and influence were limited by these factors, the Feral Tribune continued to maintain a strong critical approach to the government. It criticised Račan for his unwillingness to distance himself from Tuđman's legacy and exposed corruption scandals related to his government. In 2003, after the return of HDZ, the Feral Tribune began to see a resurgence in popularity.
In December 2005, Drago Hedl, the paper's editor, received an anonymous death threat by mail, for his reporting on the abduction and murder of ethnic Serb civilians in Osijek in 1991 and 1992. This year, the International Center for Journalists is awarding Hedl a Knight International Award for excellence in journalism.
In June 2007, Feral Tribune missed two weekly issues due to financial problems. The editorial staff announced that their bank accounts have been blocked due to a VAT debt, and that several court rulings against Feral Tribune have imposed additional strain on their accounts. The editorial staff accused the Croatian government of favoring governmental and nationalist media by writing off their VAT debts, thus creating an unfair competition to Feral. The finance ministry’s decision to freeze the weekly’s bank accounts was widely condemned in Croatia.
Croatian officials, including the President Stjepan Mesić and the Prime Minister Ivo Sanader both pledged help to Feral Tribune, both acclaiming it as a contributor to the development of democracy in Croatia, but no help was actually offered. [1]
On June 28, 2007, Feral Tribune was again published and it was reported that due to financial difficulties Feral Tribune was to be bought by Europa Press Holding (EPH), the largest publisher in Croatia (Globus, Jutarnji list) provoking speculation regarding the future of Feral's independence. However, in June 2008, since Europa Press Holding (EPH) officials started avoiding Feral's officials in takeover negotiations, Feral Tribune editors announced the end of the magazine. After 15 years, and numerous lawsuits from politicians, editors cited financial troubles due to lack of funding and the failure of negotiations with Europa Press Holding as the causes.
Throughout its entire history, Feral journalists investigated and issued articles on numerous political and financial scams, court jamming, war crimes, government corruption and many other law infractions. This policy brought them many enemies in political and financial centers of power. Even in the last 2-3 editions, Feral brought 5 new scandals to light which no other newspaper or TV stations were allowed to speak about. For this part of Europe, that is quite common, since most of the media are owned by few strong publishers who are closely connected with politicians.
All this has brought Feral into an interesting situation. They were issuing newspapers without advertisements. No company in Croatia was interested in advertising themselves in Feral Tribune due to strong bans from most Croatian political parties. Each company that tried to advertise in Feral Tribune was threatened with financial inspections and closure of their business and cooperation with other companies. So, Feral was faced to cover their expenses with income made by selling their newspaper. Even though Feral had good sales percentages, today it is almost impossible to finance newspapers without the income of advertisers and that brought Feral deep financial troubles.
Feral had won several important awards over the years: